Pastoralists Lost (PASTLOST) investigates early experimentation with animal husbandry in northern and eastern Kazakhstan, a crucible of human innovation in the steppe where horses were brought under human control much earlier than elsewhere. Initial forms of equine husbandry evolved over 5,000 years ago, later adapting to the introduction of domestic ruminants. However, these early pastoral lifeways were lost and overwritten as migrating peoples brought an entirely new lineage of domestic horses to the region - revolutionizing human transport, communication, and warfare. PASTLOST applies cutting-edge methods including advanced mass spectrometry, genomic, and proteomic analyses of newly excavated and museum collection materials to examine changes in human-animal relationships, mobility, and diet.